Biblical Errancy :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Biblical Errancy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People for years have been debating against each other to prove the Bible to be inherent or to be errant. Errancy is a deviation from the truth or what is right. There are many different types of errors expressed throughout the Bible such as transational errors, doctrinal errors and contradictions. How could any book be without error? That would be practically impossible, so in this paper I will prove the Bible to be very errant because of many facts shown.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, I am going to talk about one of the most important concepts in Christianity, original sin, which is the belief that all mankind has inherited a sinful nature brought about by Adam and Eve. In Romans 5:12 it says, â€Å" Wherefore, as by one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin; and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned.† Which means that since Adam sinned everybody else who lives on this Earth has sinned, because of him. Also, in Romans 5:19 it states, â€Å"For as one man’s disobedience many were made sinners†¦,† and in 1 Corinthians 15:22 it says, â€Å"For as in Adam all die,†¦Ã¢â‚¬  No reasoning can make an inherently unjust idea seem right. Punishing billions of people for the acts of one is not only inherently unfair; but also opposes other Bible verses such as: Deut. 24:16 â€Å"The fathers shall not be put to death for the children, neither shall the children be put t o death for the fathers every man shall be put to death for his own sin.† That verse says that you won’t be punished for somebody else’s sin. Also in Ezek. 18:20 states, â€Å" The soul that sinneth, it shall die. The son shall not bear the iniquity of the father, neither shall the father bear the iniquity of the son: the righteousness of the righteous shall be upon him, and the wickedness of the wicked shall be upon him.† That verse also says that when you sin you will be the one punished, not somebody else for your sin. Original sin makes as much since as if I was sitting at home one evening and the police came over and arrested me because my aunt from Germany robbed a bank.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Here is a very clear contradiction. This concerns whether God repents or not. Num. 23:19 â€Å" God is not a man, that he should lie; neither the son of man, that he should repent. Biblical Errancy :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Biblical Errancy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People for years have been debating against each other to prove the Bible to be inherent or to be errant. Errancy is a deviation from the truth or what is right. There are many different types of errors expressed throughout the Bible such as transational errors, doctrinal errors and contradictions. How could any book be without error? That would be practically impossible, so in this paper I will prove the Bible to be very errant because of many facts shown.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, I am going to talk about one of the most important concepts in Christianity, original sin, which is the belief that all mankind has inherited a sinful nature brought about by Adam and Eve. In Romans 5:12 it says, â€Å" Wherefore, as by one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin; and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned.† Which means that since Adam sinned everybody else who lives on this Earth has sinned, because of him. Also, in Romans 5:19 it states, â€Å"For as one man’s disobedience many were made sinners†¦,† and in 1 Corinthians 15:22 it says, â€Å"For as in Adam all die,†¦Ã¢â‚¬  No reasoning can make an inherently unjust idea seem right. Punishing billions of people for the acts of one is not only inherently unfair; but also opposes other Bible verses such as: Deut. 24:16 â€Å"The fathers shall not be put to death for the children, neither shall the children be put t o death for the fathers every man shall be put to death for his own sin.† That verse says that you won’t be punished for somebody else’s sin. Also in Ezek. 18:20 states, â€Å" The soul that sinneth, it shall die. The son shall not bear the iniquity of the father, neither shall the father bear the iniquity of the son: the righteousness of the righteous shall be upon him, and the wickedness of the wicked shall be upon him.† That verse also says that when you sin you will be the one punished, not somebody else for your sin. Original sin makes as much since as if I was sitting at home one evening and the police came over and arrested me because my aunt from Germany robbed a bank.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Here is a very clear contradiction. This concerns whether God repents or not. Num. 23:19 â€Å" God is not a man, that he should lie; neither the son of man, that he should repent.

The Philippine Insurrection

The late nineteen and early twentieth century marked the American interventions in South America and some part of Asia particularly Mexico and the Philippines. Events such as these established America as the credible and true superpower in the whole world. Its strategic involvement in many internal disputes of many countries paved the way in its recognition being a hegemony and symbol of peace and democracy. America’s involvement in many wars such as the First World War and Second World War resulted to enormous expansion of its political and economic power in the international arena.This is because America’s influence has gained the support of many countries especially those that adhere to freedom and democracy. The United Nations also found an ally in America in the promotion of world peace. One might question as to how America established credibility at the center of world conflict during that period. Another question would be what possible mistake America has committ ed that led to its defeat in wars in Vietnam, Somalia, and Iraq.In the light of history some factors that resulted to either victory or defeat of America in its involvement in different events in history might provide answers, and perhaps lesson to learn in its fight for freedom and democracy. The insurrection in the Philippines that took place after the United States bought it from Spanish was so intense that led to the killing of many American soldiers because Aguinaldo’s men were scattered around the Philippines to support the newly established government.On the other hand, the American intervention in Mexico during its revolution in 1911 was not as violent as what it did to the Philippines because Mexico was at the point of securing a government that was previously and legally established unlike the Philippines where it cost the United States large amount of money for its ownership. America’s effort could be presumed as for the purpose of annexation and expansion o f its power and to utilize the resources of its colonies.Generally, the United States’ success and failure in its intervention in the internal conflict of the Philippines and Mexico during the early twentieth century was due to its ability to display knowledge of the cultural and historical background of the subjects. A careful analysis of the culture and its history was obviously helpful in formulating strategies to invade the country using its weakest point. At this point, it is important to view both Philippine revolution in 1898 and Mexican revolution in 1902 as the people’s reaction to end social struggles in their country.Philippines dreamed to gain freedom from the bondage of three-hundred years of oppressive colonial rule of Spain, while Mexico wanted to end its labor dispute and social conflict. American’s action to end Filipinos’ struggle for freedom was both noble and intruding Epifanio San Juan described the Filipino-American in 1898 to 1902 a s a â€Å"fierce campaign of suppression† of Filipinos’ right for independence (p. 228). In the statement of President Aguinaldo’s adviser, Apolinario Mabini, Americans wrestled with weak people to rob them of their rights, which â€Å"believed to be inherent in natural law† (p.229). Philippines after achieving long dreamed liberation from Spanish colonization woke up one morning with new colonizer – the Americans. Brian Dirck stated that Filipinos’ effort to establish new government on its own â€Å"turned their attention to throwing the Americans out† (p. 50). The Filipinos’ reaction against the new colonizer could be easily link to their antagonistic feeling towards foreign powers imposing their will upon them.The three hundred years of oppressive colonial rule had left an enduring mark among the natives, thus they tend to be violent to the new colonial master which are now starting to impose their own will. Dirk stated that the Filipinos effort led to â€Å"violent confrontations †¦, with insurgents destroying military targets, harassing and killing American soldiers, and persuading (by force, if necessary) wavering Philippine civilians to join the independence movement† (p. 50-51). Americans’ response to this condition according to Dirck was characterized by both â€Å"a carrot and a stick† (p.51), which means that Americans tried to win the hearts and minds of the Filipinos through civic efforts such as construction of roads, schools, hospitals, etc, and at the same time combating the insurgent through its brutal tactics aiming at those involved in the resistance. The American efforts of re-establishing the Philippines however, were commendable. Unlike the Spanish rule which were marred with corruption, exploitation, oppression, discrimination, and injustice, the Americans were sincere in their efforts towards developing the Philippine nation.Unfortunately, the new colonize r for Filipinos was truly traumatic while the need for self-government was perceived as necessary that despite regional differences the people were united to attain that dream. Americans understood it well; the government’s promised independence served as the strong tie between the two countries. The Americans were indeed a better colonizer, as they were determined to develop the country by educating the people by fostering infrastructure developments and by putting the country towards the right direction. In his letter to the Atlantic Monthly for February, 1909: W.Cameron Forbes, then governor wrote, â€Å"We have completed the separation of Church and State, buying out from the religious orders their large agricultural properties, which are now administered by the government for the benefit of the tenants. We have put the finances on a sound basis†¦ We have established schools throughout the archipelago, teaching upward half a million children† (Ford, R. p. 213) . The American intervention in the Philippines can be considered successful in view of the three critical factors that were important in achieving their goals.It was clear that the goals of the United States in were to establish their supremacy in Asia. These three factors include Education, Infrastructure developments, and Economic rehabilitation. These factors were clearly illustrated in the letter of Cameron Forbes above, in which the Americans did well, and eventually gained the support and loyalty of the Filipino people. Besides, the newly established government led by Aguinaldo was premature and the whole country was not prepared for self-government. The American intervention in Mexico appeared as for self-interestAmerican intervention in the civil war began when General Victoriano Huerta said â€Å"I will not recognize a government of butchers† (p. 866), which angered U. S. President Wilson. He supported new revolutionary army under Venustiano Carranza; American force took Veracruz but it was rejected by Mexican people who at that point united to rebuff foreign invasion. Since Carranza the leader of Constitutionalists who occupied the city in 1914 was chosen and supported by the American to lead the war, America thought it would interfere with its government once it was established (p.866). However, disagreement between Carranza and Wilson over the interest of Mexico led to closer relations between Germany and Mexico, thus, the American intervention in Mexico â€Å"provoked strong sense of nationalism where Carranza adopted a firm anti-U. S. stance† (p. 869). The American intervention in Mexico was therefore a failure. There was no doubt that one of the causes of this failure was the U. S. display of arrogant colonial attitude at the Tampiko incident involving US sailors who were mistakenly arrested in the offshore of Tampico in April 9, 1914.Upon realizing their mistakes, the Mexican officials quickly released the sailors and apologized f or their mistakes. However, as Stacy pointed out, â€Å"†¦ the naval commander demanded that the Mexican salute the US flag. Mexico’s response refusing US demand could be just the right thing to do being an independent and sovereign nation. However, the US action was punitive yet without justifiable cause. Despite the apology made by the Mexican officials, they invaded Veracruz killing more than two hundred Mexican in the process, all for the Huerta’s refusal to salute the American flag.In effect, this action united Mexican of all factions against the Americans (Stacy, p. 866). Another cause of the failure of American intervention in Mexico was that the intervention lacked noble objective. While Mexico has been in the throes of social, political, and economic disorders, it appears that not one of these was the reason of American intervention in Mexico. Rather, as Stacy pointed out, the American action was triggered by the remark made by the acting president Gener al Victoriano Huerta saying â€Å"I will not recognize a government of butchers† (Stacy, p.866). Besides, the conflict between America and Mexico according to Alan McPherson â€Å"had a lasting impact in Mexico†¦ [that] inspired both resentment about the past and trepidation about the future† (p. 39). The third factor for the American intervention was the political and economic interest of the U. S. Hart noted that the US alliance with prominent Mexican opposition yielded much of the Mexican land to American capitalist (Hart, p. 287). America wanted to protect its interest over the land.Hart mentioned that â€Å"Wilson administration policies toward the Mexican Revolution continued the defense initiated by President Taft and the state government of Texas of American property and commercial interests inside Mexico and along the border† (Hart, p. 283). The American intervention in the Philippines and Mexico provides had some degree of similarities and differe nces. Both countries had been under Spanish colonial rule; both had experienced socio-economic and political disorders, oppression, exploitation, and poverty.However, in contrast with Mexico, the American interventions in the Philippines were motivated by a more justifiable objectives and colonial policies. While the American objectives maybe was to protect its own personal interests in Asia, their policies towards the subdued people were nobler and were aimed towards the development of the nation and its people. American intervention in Mexico on the other hand was merely based on subjective political issues that may not be directly beneficial to the masses.Conclusion Success and failure of American intervention was due largely on its ability to display knowledge of culture and history of the countries. America interfered in the internal affair of the Philippines by winning the heart and mind of much larger Filipinos through civic actions while torturing those who resisted America. Filipinos therefore developed loyalty to the Americans. Mexico on the other hand, rejected intervention from America because of the previous Mexican-American War that occurred in 1846.America failed to draft policies that would end the social problem in the land; rather it appeared as invader who would rob the people of their rights over the properties of their land. There are two sources of learning from these two cases of US interventions not so much because it involved two countries, but because this situation involved two different approaches of interventions. First, military intervention in the Philippines was successful in view of their development effort.They were successful in conveying to the natives their concern to educate them, to build roads projects and hospitals. On the other hand, Mexicans’ struggle to attain economic freedom and equality was not given attention; instead it resulted to more hostilities. It is therefore obvious that intervention should be made according to a clear purpose of building lasting relationship in which both countries will gain benefits. Primarily addressing the cause of conflict is the best strategy to employ to gain citizens’ loyalty.Reference Dirck, B. (2003) Waging War on Trial. USA: ABC-CLIO. Hart, J. M. (1997) Revolutionary Mexico. USA: University of California Press. McPherson, A. (2006) Anti-Americanism in Latin America and the Caribbean. USA: Berghahn Books. Rhodes, J. F. (2007) The McKinley and Roosevelt Administration 1897-1909 USA: READ BOOKS San Juan, E. (2004) Working Through the Contradictions: From Cultural Theory to Critical Practice. USA: Bucknell University Press. Stacey, L. (2002) Mexico and the United States. USA: Marshall Cavendish.

Profile of Serial Killer Jerry Brudos, AKA the Lust Killer

Jerry Brudos was a shoe fetishist, serial killer, rapist, torturer, and necrophiliac who stalked women around Portland, Oregon in 1968 and 1969. The Early Years Jerry Brudos love for shoes began at the age of five after he rescued a pair of high-heel shoes from the garbage. As he grew older, his unusual interest in shoes developed into a fetish which he satisfied by breaking into homes to steal shoes and womens underwear. When he was in his teens he added violence to his repertoire and began knocking down girls, choking them until they were unconscious, then stealing their shoes. At age 17 he was sent to the Oregon State Hospital psychiatric ward after he confessed to holding a girl at knife-point in a hole he dug in the side of a hill for the purpose of keeping sex slaves. There he forced her to pose nude while he took pictures. Brudos was released from the hospital after nine months, even though it was clear he had developed a need to act out his violent fantasies towards women. According to his hospital records, his violence toward women developed from a deep hatred he felt for his mother. Married With Children Once out of the hospital he finished high school and became an electronics technician. Whether he refrained from acting out on his obsessions over the next few years or he just didnt get caught is unknown. What is known is that he married, moved to Portland, Oregon and he and his wife had two children. His mother later joined the family in their small suburban home. Brudos relationship with his wife began to falter after he approached her dressed in womens underwear. Up to that point, she had gone along with his strange bedroom habits, including his request that she walk around the house nude. Rejected by her lack of understanding of his need to wear womens underwear, he retreated to his workshop which was off-limits to the family. No longer intimate, the two remained married despite his wife discovering pictures of nude women and an odd molded breast among her husbands possessions. Brudos Known Victims Between 1968 and 1969 women in and around the Portland area began to disappear. In January 1968, Linda Slawson, 19, working as a door-to-door encyclopedia salesperson, happened to knock on Brudos door. He later confessed to killing her, then cutting off her left foot to use as a model for his collection of stolen shoes. His next victim was Jan Whitney, 23, whose car broke down while driving home from college in November 1968. Brudos later admitted to strangling Whitney in her car, then having sex with her body and bringing her corpse back to his workshop where he continued to violate the body for several days while it hung from a hook on his ceiling. Before disposing of her body he cut off her right breast in order to make a mold from it in the hopes of making paperweights. On March 27, 1969, Karen Sprinker, 19, vanished from the parking garage of a department store where she was to meet her mother for lunch. Brudos later confessed to forcing her into his car at gunpoint, then bringing her to his workshop where he raped her and forced her to put on various womens underwear and pose for pictures. He then killed her by hanging her from the hook in his ceiling. As with his other victims, he violated her corpse, then removed both breasts and disposed of her body. Linda Salee, 22, became Brudos next and last known victim. In April 1969 he kidnapped her from a shopping mall, brought her to his home and raped and then strangled her to death. Like all of his victims, he disposed of her body in a nearby lake. The End of the Killing Spree During the two-year killing spree, Brudos attacked several other women who managed to escape. The clues they were able to provide police eventually led them to Brudos door. While in custody at police headquarters, Brudos gave a detailed confession of the four murders. A search of his home gave police the additional evidence they needed to convict Brudos of three of the four murders. Included in the evidence were various photographs he took of his victims posed in his collection of womens underwear, parts of the corpses which had been found in a lake, along with some of his victims body parts stored in his home. He was convicted and given the death penalty and a life sentence. On March 28, 2006, Brudos, 67, was found dead in his cell at Oregon State Penitentiary. It was determined that he died of natural causes. Source Rule, Ann. Lust Killer. Books: Lust Killer by Ann Rule

Laos Facts, History, and More

Capital: Vientiane, 853,000 population Major cities: Savannakhet, 120,000; Pakse, 80,000; Luang Phrabang, 50,000; Thakhek, 35,000 Government Laos has a single-party communist government, in which the Lao Peoples Revolutionary Party (LPRP) is the only legal political party. An eleven-member Politburo and a 61-member Central Committee make all laws and policies for the country. Since 1992, these policies have been rubber-stamped by an elected National Assembly, now boasting 132 members, all belonging to the LPRP. The head of state in Laos is the General Secretary and President, Choummaly Sayasone. Prime Minister Thongsing Thammavong is the head of government. Population The Republic of Laos has approximately 6.5 million citizens, who are often divided according to altitude into lowland, Midland, and upland Laotians. The largest ethnic group is the Lao, who live mainly in the lowlands and makeup approximately 60% of the population. Other important groups include the Khmou, at 11%; the Hmong, at 8%; and more than 100 smaller ethnic groups that total about 20% of the population and comprise the so-called highland or mountain tribes. Ethnic Vietnamese also make up two percent. Languages Lao is the official language of Laos. It is a tonal language from the Tai language group that also includes Thai and the Shan language of Burma. Other local languages include Khmu, Hmong, Vietnamese and over 100 more. Major foreign languages in use are French, the colonial language, and English. Religion The predominant religion in Laos is Theravada Buddhism, which accounts for 67% of the population. About 30% also practice animism, in some cases alongside Buddhism. There are small populations of Christians (1.5%), Bahai and Muslims. Officially, of course, communist Laos is an atheistic state. Geography Laos has a total area of 236,800 square kilometers (91,429 square miles). It is the only land-locked country in Southeast Asia. Laos borders on Thailand to the southwest, Myanmar (Burma) and China to the northwest, Cambodia to the south, and Vietnam to the east. The modern western border is marked by the Mekong River, the regions major arterial river. There are two major plains in Laos, the Plain of Jars and the Plain of Vientiane. Otherwise, the country is mountainous, with only about four percent being arable land. The highest point in Laos is Phou Bia, at 2,819 meters (9,249 feet). The lowest point is the Mekong River at 70 meters (230 feet). Climate The climate of Laos is tropical and monsoonal. It has a rainy season from May to November, and a dry season from November to April. During the rains, an average of 1714 mm (67.5 inches) of precipitation falls. The average temperature is 26.5 °C (80 °F). Average temperatures over the year range from 34 °C (93 °F) in April to 17 °C (63 °F) in January. Economy Although the economy of Laos has grown at a healthy six to seven percent annually almost every year since 1986  when the communist government loosened central economic control and allowed private enterprise. Nonetheless, more than 75% of the workforce is employed in agriculture, despite the fact that only 4% of the land is arable. While the unemployment rate is only 2.5%, approximately 26% of the population live below the poverty line. Laoss primary export items are raw materials rather than manufactured goods: wood, coffee, tin, copper, and gold. The currency of Laos is the kip. As of July 2012, the exchange rate was $1 US 7,979 kip. History of Laos The early history of Laos is not well-recorded. Archaeological evidence suggests that humans inhabited what is now Laos at least 46,000 years ago, and that complex agricultural society existed there by about 4,000 BCE. Around 1,500 BCE, bronze-producing cultures developed, with complicated funeral customs including the use of burial jars such as those on the Plain of Jars. By 700 BCE, people in what is now Laos were manufacturing iron tools  and had cultural and trade contacts with the Chinese and Indians. In the fourth to eighth centuries CE, people on the banks of the Mekong River organized themselves into Muang, walled cities or petty kingdoms. The Muang were ruled by leaders who paid tribute to more powerful states around them. Populations included the Mon people of the Dvaravati kingdom and proto-Khmer peoples, as well as forebears of the mountain tribes. During this period, animism and Hinduism slowly mixed or gave way to Theravada Buddhism. The 1200s CE saw the arrival of ethnic Tai people, who developed small tribal states centered on semi-divine kings. In 1354, the kingdom of Lan Xang united the area that is now Laos, ruling until 1707, when the kingdom split into three. The successor states were Luang Prabang, Vientiane, and Champasak, all of which were tributaries of Siam. Vientiane also paid tribute to Vietnam.   In 1763, the Burmese invaded Laos, also conquering Ayutthaya (in Siam). A Siamese army under Taksin routed the Burmese in 1778, placing what is now Laos under more direct Siamese control. However, Annam (Vietnam) took power over Laos in 1795, holding it as a vassal until 1828. Laoss two powerful neighbors ended up fighting the Siamese-Vietnamese War of 1831-34 over control of the country. By 1850, the local rulers in Laos had to pay tribute to Siam, China, and Vietnam, although Siam exerted the most influence.   This complicated web of tributary relationships did not suit the French, who were accustomed to the European Westphalian system of nation-states with fixed borders. Having already seized control of Vietnam, the French next wanted to take Siam. As a preliminary step, they used Laoss tributary status with Vietnam as a pretext to seize Laos in 1890, with the intent of continuing on to Bangkok. However, the British wanted to preserve Siam as a buffer between French Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) and the British colony of Burma (Myanmar).  Siam remained independent, while Laos fell under French imperialism. The French Protectorate of Laos lasted from its formal establishment in 1893 to 1950, when it was granted independence in name but not in fact by France. True independence came in 1954  when France withdrew after its humiliating defeat by the Vietnamese at Dien Bien Phu. Throughout the colonial era, France more or less neglected Laos, focusing on the more accessible colonies of Vietnam and Cambodia instead. At the Geneva Conference of 1954, the representatives of the Laotian government and of Laoss communist army, the Pathet Lao, acted more as observers than participants. As a sort of afterthought, Laos has designated a neutral country with a multi-party coalition government including Pathet Lao members. The Pathet Lao was supposed to disband as a military organization, but it refused to do so.  Just as troubling, the United States refused to ratify the Geneva Convention, afraid that communist governments in Southeast Asia would prove to correct the Domino Theory of spreading communism. Between independence and 1975, Laos was embroiled in a civil war that overlapped with the Vietnam War (American War). The famous Ho Chi Minh Trail, a vital supply line for the North Vietnamese, ran through Laos.  As the US war effort in Vietnam faltered and failed, the Pathet Lao gained an advantage over its non-communist foes in Laos. It gained control of the entire country in August  1975. Since then, Laos has been a communist nation with close ties to neighboring Vietnam and, to a lesser degree, China.

Roles Of Women During World War II - 1338 Words

Throughout history women have been burdened to be nothing more than domestic individuals. Their roles were to fulfill their household duties as wives and mothers. Many restrictions applied to their womanhood and not being able to work was one of them. However, the roles of women changed during World War II. As men were being recruited to fight in the war the openings for jobs were in high demand. During this time many women began to commence in the workforce altering the role of women, particularly those of the Mexican-American communities. Minority groups were often discriminated especially Mexican- Americans, not only were they discriminated but were also seen as criminals and were a temporary implement during the war. Mexican- Americans had to overcome obstacles that were put in their way and fight for what they deserved. Before the war women were responsible to care for their children and be good wives to their husbands. Their responsibilities at home were their only obligations they had to worry about. That quickly changed when the war began, as jobs were being left behind women were needed in the workforce to fill in the spots that were left vacant by men. The government began to endorse Mexican- American women by creating propaganda posters that appealed to them luring them to work. Many of those women began to work in manufacturing warehouses to work on aircrafts. Some of their male counterparts were intimidated with having women working along their side doing jobsShow MoreRelatedRole Of Women During World War II950 Words   |  4 PagesHistory 116 December 1 2015 The Role of Women in World War II In the early 19th century the role of women was typically categorized as doing chores around the house and raising children. Seldom were women seen with real jobs or in positions of full-time employment but as the United States developed so did the role of women. One of the largely contributing factors to the evolution of women’s role in society was the conditions of the US at war. World War II was a war that required more military andRead MoreWomen s Roles During World War II1641 Words   |  7 PagesWomen’s Roles During World War II On September 3rd 1939 World War II started in Europe. During World War II, more than 16 million American men served in the military. While this large portion of the population was overseas fighting for the United States, women had to do many of the jobs in America normally held by men. Women were considered vital assets to the war effort, and the American government made sure to use their skills and labor in many different areas to win the war. Women contributedRead MoreChanging Role Of Women During World War II1434 Words   |  6 PagesChanging Role of Women in World War II When Britain declared war against Germany in 1939, the Australian Prime Minister, Robert Menzies, proclaimed that Australia was also at war. The declaration of war saw Australians respond to another world conflict. On this occasion, Australia itself would be under the threat of attack. World War II would not only require young men to travel overseas and fight but it also significantly impacted the lives of Australian women. The contribution Australian women madeRead MoreRoles of American Women During World War II1144 Words   |  5 Pagessegment Women and World War II) Roles of American Women in World War II Essay Two During World War II, Hollywood films strongly influenced the roles American women played, both while men were away and directly after they returned. These films often sent the message that while their men were away, women must be romantically loyal and keep a secure home for the men to return to. The films also often encouraged women to do their patriotic duty and their part in the war effort by doing war work. 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When women found their place in the workforceRead MoreRole Of Mexican American Women During World War II1980 Words   |  8 PagesMarch 3, 2015 The role of Mexican American Women during World War II 1. - The beginning of World War II 2. - Mexican American society before World War II a) The role of the Mexican American woman b) The job opportunities for Mexican American women 3. - Changing roles during World War II a) The job opportunities for Mexican American women during the war b) Leaving the family to go to work 4. – Effects of the World War II experience on Mexican American women 5. - Conclusions Read MoreEssay The Role of Women in Australian Society During World War II 991 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the World War II era, the outlook on the role of women in Australian society revolutionised. As a majority of men were at war, Australian women were encouraged to rise above and beyond their stereotypical ‘housewife’ status. They were required to take on the tasks that were once considered predominantly male roles, and also allowed the opportunity to join the armed services as well as enlist in the Women’s Land Army. Many women who doubted their abilities played their part by entering voluntaryRead MoreWomen and their Involvement in World War II Essay787 Words   |  4 PagesWomen and their Involvement in World War II Women had a huge role in the World War II that so many do not recognize. Women were involved in many different jobs that allowed them to step out of the ordinary norm as the â€Å"typical housewife†, and dive into fierce hardworking jobs that until then only a man could do. Women jumped into the factories and many different roles that contributed to World War II, because the need for more American workers was crucial. A few roles of women prior to theRead MoreWomen During World War II1534 Words   |  7 PagesDuring World War I, women stayed at home, aided the Red Cross, and volunteered with churches and civic groups to collect donations. Women s roles in World War II challenged the traditional roles of homemaker and caregiver. Women took on a more active role in the military and held positions alongside men. They were trusted with more responsibilities and offered more freedom than they had during the First World War. Women held more traditional roles in comparison to World War II when women took onRead MoreWomens Role During World War 11 Essay1210 Words   |  5 PagesWomen’s Role During World War II During World War II, thousands of women in various nations were deeply involved in volunteer work alongside men. Before World War II, the women’s role was simply to be a wife to her husband, a mother to her children, and a caretaker to the house (Barrow). As World War II raged on, women made enormous sacrifices for their family, and also learnt new jobs and new skills. Women were needed to fill many â€Å"male jobs†, while men went off to fight in the war. Women served

Son of God Free Essays

Page 1 Marrisa Lumia Jesus Across the Millennium March 29, 2012 Jesus: The Son of God A meaning behind a name can be very significant. It can be a way to interpret someone, describe him or her, and see who he or she really is. Jesus is a man who has numerous names and various meanings to them. We will write a custom essay sample on Son of God or any similar topic only for you Order Now He is the known as a teacher, a famous prophet, a miracle worker, and a wonderful example. One significant name that Jesus is known for is the Son of God. At the heart of the Nicene Creed it states â€Å" the only- begotten Son of God†. The Son of God is to be of the same nature as God and the Son of God is â€Å"of God†. Out of all the names for Jesus, Son of God has had one of the most lifelong impacts in Christian history and has become part of the profession of faith by many Christians. But according to the theological view, Jesus is known as a respected prophet, but not as the Son of God. The Son of God is extremely significant in the historical context, Christianity, and to the theological view. What exactly does the Son of God mean? Literally speaking, it does not mean that God procreated him, it is much more spiritual than that. Jesus was â€Å"chosen to be† the â€Å"Son of God† by the Resurrection from the dead. This was not in human flesh, but by the power of the Holy Spirit. This means because of the Resurrection from the dead, Jesus Page 2 was not just another physical offspring of David. Jesus was the divine Son of God who went sent down from God to save us. There is disagreement about Jesus’ nature and his relationship with God the Father. Many believe in the trinity and use expressions God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit in attempts to express this saying as all three persons. On the other hand, many believe that there is only one highest being who expressed Himself in three different ways. They believe that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit are purely forms of God. While others trust that God is the only divine being and that Christ is only a created being. It is taught in the Bible that the Messiah was Jesus, whose â€Å"mortal† parents were Joseph and Mary of Nazareth. Jesus was a man who lived a sinless life and then gave His life on the cross in order to redeem mankind from their sins. According to John 1:11-12, â€Å"He came to His own, and those who were His own did not receive Him. But as many as received Him, to them He gave the right to become children of God, even to those who believe in His name. The historical view of Jesus had many names and meanings, but in the Scriptures Christians referred to Jesus as the Son of God. In both the Old and New Testament Jesus was referred to as the Son of God. In the Old Testament Son of God is recurrent. According to NewAdvent. org , the word â€Å"son† was used by many of the Semites to represent cl ose connection or intimate relationship. A hero or warrior was known as the â€Å"son of strength†, a wicked man â€Å"son of wickedness†, and a possessor â€Å"son of possession†. In the Old Testament the label â€Å"Son Page 3 of God† was applied to persons having any special relationship with God. The title â€Å" Sons of God† were referred to as Angels, leaders of the people, kings, princes, and judges because they withheld authority from God. In the Old Testament, Jesus was not only known as the Son of God but he was also called Emmanuel (which means God with us), Wonderful, God the Mighty, Prince of Peace, Counselor, the Father of the world to come. In the New Testament, the Son of God is referred to Jesus Christ in both the Gospels and Epistles. By expressing His Divinity this shed light on many of the meanings attached to passages of the Gospels. In the New Testament, an angel announced: â€Å"He shall be great, and shall be called the Son of the most High†¦ the Holy which shall be born of thee shall be called the Son of God† (Luke 1:32, 35). Also it states that Nathaniel, at his first meeting, called Him the Son of God (John 1:49). Ironically the Devils and Jews also referred to Him as the Son of God. In each one of these cases, the meaning of Son of God was equivalent to the Messiah. A puzzling question from the theological standpoint that raised conflict was, â€Å"How could Jesus be The Son of God, and God at the same time? The question has been on the minds of many Theologists for centuries. Christian theology depends on the Father-Son language to correctly describe the connection between Jesus and God. For thousands of years, Christians have believed that there is one God, and three persons: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, each of them being one with God. According to Christian theology, there is a problem with the doctrine of trinity. The doctrine states that there is precisely one God; which means that the Father is God, the Son is God, and the Spirit is God; and that Father, Son, and Spirit are separate. This could mean that ‘is God’ Page 4 either means ‘is identical God’ or ‘is divine’. Either way there is a problem to this puzzle. One way it opposes the doctrine is if the Father is equal to God and the Son is equal to God, then it would conclude that the Father is identical to the Son. Another way this opposes the doctrine is if the Father is divine and the Son is divine and the Father is separate from the Son, then there are at least two divine persons, which means there would be two Gods. According to theology, either way the doctrine would be missing pieces to its puzzle. Jesus was a man of wonder with many names and meanings to them. He was known for being a teacher, a famous prophet, a miracle worker, and a wonderful example. One significant name that Jesus was known for is the Son of God. Throughout Christian history the title Son of God has had a lifelong impact on Christian and became part of their profession of faith. The development of the theological view was very different. Jesus maybe known as a respected prophet, but he was not as the Son of God. The title of Jesus as the Son of God is very significant. He is a man of glorious wonder and faith. Although through the theologists eyes Jesus maybe the Son of God but is not God himself. But in the historical view and the Bible, the Son of God is extremely significant and respected. Page 5 Bibliography Dunn, James Douglas Grant. , and Scott Mcknight. â€Å"Chapter 4. † The Historical Jesus in Recent Research. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns, 2005. 271+. Print Borg, Marcus J. , and N. T. Wright. The Meaning of Jesus: Two Visions. [San Francisco, CA]: HarperSanFrancisco, 1998. Print. Aherne, Cornelius. â€Å"Son of God. † The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 13 Apr. 2012 http://www. newadvent. org/cathen/14142b. htm Dunn, James Douglas Grant. , and Scott Mcknight. â€Å"Chapter 4. † The Historical Jesus in Recent Research. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns, 2005. 271+. Print â€Å"Son of God. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 Dec. 2012. Web. 13 Apr. 2012. . Murray, Michael, and Michael Rea. â€Å"Philosophy and Christian Theology. † (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Web. 13 Apr. 2012. How to cite Son of God, Essay examples

Spirituality and Health Multidisciplinary Explorations

Question: Discuss about the Spirituality and Health for Multidisciplinary Explorations. Answer: Introduction: In the assignment, I aim to reflect on a movie Provoked and use theoretical paradigms to a specific areas of practice. In this context, I want to explore the female character, who became the victim of heart-wrenching oppession from her husband. She witnessed the striking reality of domestic violence and reckless torture. In the assignment, I intend to select the female character named Kiranjit Ahluwalia, played by Aishwarya Rai. Her character was victimized and exploited by her husband named Deepak Ahluwalia. The male character, Deepak Ahluwalia, played by Naveen Andrews. Initially, the character of Aishwarya Rai was shown as an oppressed wife, who was physically and mentally tortured by her husband on regular basis. Using the theories from the book, Modern social work theory by Malcolm Payne (2015), I intend to explore the approaches in the research. The theories that the writer emphasizes are humanistic practice, existentialism, and spirituality. At the same time, I have used other theories such as empowerment, advocacy, critical practice, feminist practice, anti-oppressive and multicultural sensitivity approaches to practice. The purpose of the assignment is to conflate the modern social theories with the cinematic situations and transitions of the film. The theories address the crises and the exploitation perpetrated to the young married woman, Kiranjit Ahluwalia by her husband in the film. In order to understand theories and practice, one has to grasp the concept of social work theory. The first segment of theories related to Humanistic practice and existentialism that put an emphasis on personal development. According to Malcolm Payne (2015), the theoretical perspectives underscore shared knowledge as a source of individual and collective empowerment. At the same time, the empowerment and advocacy theory spawns experience and nexus that bolster people to gain a deeper comprehension of their lives and revisions within them. The critical theories give an interesting insight into the existing social order that analyzes the factors, focusing on social barriers. Malcolm Payne (2015) argues that Humanism and Existentialism are the disparate ways of understanding human life. The humanistic vision emphasizes the ability of conscious human beings to identify, use logic and act independently of the superfluous powers, such as almighty, religion, community and superstitions. The model of Humanism regards the interpretation of people as authentic. The Humanistic ideas juxtapose both the practice and writings. Payne claims that Existentialism defines the ability of people to achieve the individual power to regulate the lives. The concept of Spirituality highlights the quest for meanings and goals in life, focusing on the transcendental regime of human beings. Feminist theories elucidate and lend response to the oppressed status of women in most societies. The feminist theories address the physical and mental domination of women with the help of coordinated dialogue and group work. In this way, these theories comprehend the changing dynamics of the society that affect the social liaison of women. Antidiscriminatory/multicultural sensitivity theories manifest a critical understanding of cultural and racial hurdles, struggles and divergence (Payne, 2015). The conflated theories manifest practice that respects the individual and social perspective of people. Based on these theories of social work, the plight of the dominated female character of the film Provoked shall be addressed. In the assignment, the writer puts an emphasis on other theories such as Psychodynamic Practice, Cognitive Behavioural Practice, Systems and Ecological Practice, Macro Practice, Social Development, and Social Pedagogy. Psychodynamic practice unravels how the problem-solving mechanisms of social work bolster the current social trend and help people adjust to the society with ease. Cognitive-Behavioral Practice offers the practitioners of social work an efficient tool that emphasized the development of behavior of the individual in a rational way. At the same time, the practitioners understand the genesis of the behavioral problem. Cognitive-Behavioral theories unravel how thought process engender behavioral processes (Payne, 2015).With the help of the theory, every individual comprehends the changing dynamics of behavioral pattern. Based on this theory, all the individuals can lessen social issues that affect them. Systems and Ecological practice support the melange of interpersonal skills with abilities that involve social organization, families, and communities. The practice underscores the integration of personal and social factors. The purpose of the Systems and Ecological practice is to help pe ople adjust themselves in the surrounding. Based on the Systems and Ecological ideas, every individual responds to the social milieu. Macro practice, social development, and social pedagogy are the three trends used by social workers. They employ these three approaches and bring all people with same interests and preferences. These approaches help the social workers identify the preferred concerns and work in unity to resolve the problems (Payne, 2015). In the assignment, the theories (discussed above) should be connected with the chosen character of the film. The chosen film is Provoked and the character of Aishwarya Rai plays the crucial role. The name of the character of Aishwarya Rai is Kiranjit Ahluwalia, who married an affectionate man, Deepak Ahluwalia and migrated to London, United Kingdom. The female protagonist, albeit, showed in an emasculated light at the first stage of the film. She went through a phase of domestic turmoil and rapacity. In her martial sojourn, her husband used to exploit her physically and mentally. In the piece, the writer aims to connect the discussed theories with the cinematic situations. With the help of the theories, I intend to delineate the image of the female character, Kiranjit Ahluwalia. The theories that I have discussed are Humanistic practice, Existentialism, Spirituality, anti-discriminatory/multicultural sensitivity. There are other theories that construe the situations faced by the fema le character in the film. These theories are Psychodynamic Practice, Cognitive Behavioural Practice, Systems and Ecological Practice, Macro Practice, Social Development, and Social Pedagogy. To begin with, the first theory is Humanistic practice, which is a significant theory. Based on this perspective, the human being is able to discern, employ logic and act independently of the superfluous forces, like almighty, religion, ethnicity and superstitious notions. In the film, the chosen character, Kiranjit Ahluwalia became aware of the graveness of the situation. After enduring the brutal torture for a long time, she planned to teach a lesson to her husband. For a long period, her husband used to perpetrate violence on her. She was mercilessly exploited and left her in the lurch. Once, she lost all her cool and murdered her husband. During that time, she became infuriated by her husband's activities. Her husband, Deepak Ahluwalia never thought in a humanistic way. At the other end of the spectrum, the chosen female character always kept the priorities of her children above everything. She remained silent, inasmuch as of the children. For a long time, she applied Humanistic practice and never reciprocated to the torture. In the last, she could not cope with the growing domestic crises and break into a sprint. The next theory is Existentialism that plays a crucial role in this regard. According to Malcolm Payne (2015), Existentialism is a philosophical theory that underscores the concept of existence of the individual person as a free responsible and determined agent. In the course of the film, the female protagonist, Kiranjit Ahluwalia faced a phase of domestic crises and violence. She remained at the receiver's end and countenanced a rigid phase. Initially, she was beaten and exploited by her husband. She could not withstand the pain and misery for a long time. Bereft of the familiar satisfaction, she killed her husband and committed a crime. After murdering her husband, she was detained by the British police. She was sentenced for killing her husband, Deepak Ahluwalia. However, she began to experience a new way of life in the British jail. The chosen female character, Kiranjit Ahluwalia started to live an independent and responsible life. She did not have to deal with the brutal activit ies of her husband. After entering the jail, her life changed at a rapid pace. She became friends with many impoverished and friendly roommates. The female character, Kiranjit Ahluwalia enjoyed a new space and brimmed with happiness. The theory of Existentialism founds a new ground in the film, Provoked. The next theory is Spirituality that assumed a new dimension in the movie, Provoked. The idea of Spirituality highlights the mission for implications and objectives in life, concentrating on the supernatural administration of people. There is no single, generally concurred meaning of spirituality. Surveys of the meaning of the term, as utilized as a part of the insightful research, demonstrate an expansive scope of definitions, going from extremely slender and uni-dimensional definitions, for example, an individual confidence in a heavenly realm to more extensive ideas. An overview of audits by McCarroll (2005), i.e. managing the point of the most profound sense of giving twenty-seven unequivocal definitions. This causes some trouble in attempting to study otherworldly existence deliberately; i.e., it hinders both comprehension and the ability to convey discoveries in an important manner. Surely, a hefty portion of otherworldly existence's center elements are not one of a kind to a d eep sense of being distant from everyone else; for instance, German logician Arthur Schopenhauer (an acclaimed agnostic) respected self-amazing quality, self-denial and the acknowledgment of one's association with all as a key to moral living. The crux of the matter is how would one relate the concept of spirituality with the chosen character? In the film, Provoked, the female protagonist suffered from a phase of anxiety and domestic pain. After killing her husband, she was sentenced to jail. In the British jail, a new chapter of her life started. In the course of her life in jail, she makes friends with her roommates and delved deep into the study of her perspective. She was aware of her strength and weakness in a stretch. At the same time, she was in the quest for objectives in her life, focusing on the transcendental realm. In this way, she learned to fight against all the oppressive forces that overwhelmed her at the initial stage. The next theory is anti-discriminatory/multicultural sensitivity, which needs to be discussed in a detailed manner. At the same time, I aim to relate the theory with the framing of the chosen female character, Kiranjit Ahluwalia of the film Provoked. Anti-discriminatory Practice is a significant course that developed at the School of Social Work at York University, Canada. It has been created in order to advance a structure in which students can build up a reliably modest and basic way to deal with working in a worldwide setting. The students are urged to investigate their part as both oppressor and persecuted with a specific end goal to comprehend the unique situation for working with a different populace. The school attempted an educational programs audit so as to create and build up a program to prepare the students to work with different people groups. The course incorporates an examination of one's history, ethnicity, qualities and status in the public eye. Similarly, investigat ions of force and benefit emanating from transnational cooperation.Transnational points of view are vital in examinations of hegemonic frameworks due to expanding streams of work, capital, culture and information creation among countries and districts (Grewal and Kaplan, 1994). Anti-discriminatory and multicultural sensitivity, according to Malcolm Payne (2015), show a basic comprehension of social and racial obstacles and dissimilarity. The conflated hypotheses show the individual and social point of view of the global audience. In light of these speculations of social work, the predicament of the exploited female character of the film 'Provoked' should be addressed. In the film, Provoked, the chosen female protagonist battled against all obstacles and dissimilarity that enfeebled her. After killing her husband, she overcame all the anxieties and troubles that made her knelt before the fate of destruction. Domestic violence is a variant of social tension and abuse that is applied to the women. In the film, Provoked, the female character is showed in an emasculated light. She was entrenched in the patriarchal setting, where the husband dominated her wife throughout the film. Subsequently, the female character gained confidence and composure. After killing h er husband, she rescued herself and her children from the monstrous clutch. In the British Jail, she began to experience a new wave of freedom and life. Therefore, she broke all the social obstacles and made her free from the destructive peril. The next theory is a Psychodynamic practice that is the matter of significance. In the assignment, I have already explained Malcolm Payne's perspective on the stated theory. A psychodynamic hypothesis is a hypothesis that clarifies human conduct and human inspiration in understanding the cognizant and oblivious powers. Albeit a wide range of psychodynamic speculations exists, they all underscore oblivious intentions and yearnings, and also the significance of early adolescence encounters in molding identity. They emanate from the network of the psychoanalytic hypothesis. According to Payne (2015), Psychodynamic theory disentangles how the critical thinking systems of social work support the present social pattern and help individuals adjust with the general public effortlessly. In the film, Provoked, the chosen character, Kiranjit Ahluwalia countenanced stressful life that was not regulated. She had to cope with the growing domestic crises and the violence that was perpetrated on her by her husband. She was overwhelmed by the patriarchal impulse. In order to get rid of her monstrous husband, she killed him and entered the British jail. In the jail, she underwent many session of counseling and therapy. She began to make friends with the roommates and lead a life of happiness. In the course, the social work practitioners at the jail applied social work mechanism and helped her adjust to the society. They helped her to live a blissful life without any apprehension. In this way, she started to relax her mind setting and experienced a new way of living with her children in England. The next theory is Cognitive Behavioural Practice, which is explained in the assignment. Cognitive Behavioral Treatment (CBT) is an organized, time-restricted way to deal with psychotherapy that intends to address clients present issues (Dobson and Dobson, 2009). CBT utilizes issue employed intellectual and behavioral methodologies guided by experimental science and built hypotheses of learning and perception (Craske, 2010). These intercessions are conveyed inside a communitarian setting where specialists and customers cooperate to distinguish issues, set objectives, create mediation methodologies, and assess the adequacy of those procedures. As indicated by Malcolm (2015), Cognitive-Behavioral hypotheses unwind how a point of view induce behavioral procedures. With the assistance of the hypothesis, each individual appreciates the changing flow of behavioral example. In view of this hypothesis, every one of the people can decrease social issues that influence them. In the film, Provo ked, the chosen female character suffered heavily from mental depression, wrought by the domestic chores. She was brutally tortured by her husband. Therefore, she killed her husband and was detained by the British police officers. In the British jail, the social work practitioners deliberated on a systematic counseling of the victim. At the same time, the social work experts used cognitive behavioral strategies i.e. wielding of cognitive or cerebral faculties and fostered a new lease of life to the exploited woman. The woman was showed a new and enlightened path of living. Subsequently, she was released from the jail tenure. She started to live a happy life with her children in the foreign country. The next theory is Systems and Ecological Practice, which is an important theory. In the assignment, I have discussed the perspective of Malcolm Payne on the theory in the earlier segment. Payne (2015) says that Systems and Ecological practice bolsters the assimilation of interpersonal aptitudes with capacities that include social association, families, and groups. The practice underscores the incorporation of individual and social variables. The motivation behind the Systems and Ecological practice is to help individuals adjust to the society. In light of the Systems and Ecological thoughts, each individual reacts to the social setting. In the film, Provoked, the exploited woman underwent a session of counseling (Robbins et al., 2011). The social work practitioners made her comprehend the changing dynamic of her life. She started to live a life of happiness and learned to overcome the miserable incident that compounded her life. The last two theories are Feminist theory and social pedagogy. According to Malcolm Payne (2015), Feminist theory clarifies and reacts to the oppressed status of women in many social orders. It addresses the physical and mental control of women with the assistance of discourse and gathering work. The Feminist theory is directly related to the oppressed plight of the woman in the film, Provoked. With the help of the discourse, the chosen character learned to battle against all odds of the society. Payne (2015) claims that Macro practice, social advancement, and social pedagogy are the three patterns utilized by social workers. They utilize these three methodologies and carry all individuals with same interests and inclinations. These three distinct social trends are encapsulated in the film, Provoked. Reference Craske, M. G., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Labus, J., Wu, S., Frese, M., Mayer, E. A., Naliboff, B. D. (2011). A cognitive-behavioral treatment for irritable bowel syndrome using interoceptive exposure to visceral sensations.Behaviour research and therapy,49(6), 413-421. Dobson, K. S. (Ed.). (2009).Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies. Guilford Press. Grewal, I., Kaplan, C. (Eds.). (1994).Scattered hegemonies: Postmodernity and transnational feminist practices. U of Minnesota Press. McCarroll, P., OConnor, T. StJ. Meakes, E.(2005). Assessing plurality in spirituality definitions.Spirituality and health: Multidisciplinary explorations, 43-61. Payne, M. (2015).Modern social work theory. Oxford University Press. Robbins, S. P., Chatterjee, P., Canda, E. R. (2011).Contemporary human behavior theory: A critical perspective for social work. Pearson Higher Ed.